CHURCH AND STATE 



IN THE 



MARYLAND COLONY. 



Inaugural-Dissertation 

zur 

Erlangung der Doktorwlirde 

der 
hohen philosophischen Fakultiit 

der 
Rupreclit-Karls-Universitat zu Heidelberg ^^ ^^ -^j. 



vorgelegt von 

Ernest Lloyd Harris \^ ^y \^ \ 




ftU8 ^\ .^. 



Rock Island ^^£AU OF ED 

im Staate 111., U. S. A. 



Heidelberg. 

Uni versitats-Biichdr uckerei von J. Horning. 

1894. 






TO 



HERBERT R. ISTRIGHT, 



OLD COMPANION AND SCHOOLMATE 



THIS THESIS IS 



AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. 



Preface. 

In the writing of this thesis none but the best authorities 
have been taken. Few Protestant writers have been consulted. 
Chiefly among those are Bancroft's "History of the United States", 
and Gardiner's "History of England". Among Catholic writers 
John Gilmary Shea's "History of the Catholic Church in the 
United States" is without doubt the best of its kind that has 
been produced. It is a magnificent work of 4 vol's and almost 
entirely free from prejudice. Spalding's "Miscellanea" is con- 
sidered by all Catholics as good authority, but a careful per- 
usal of its pages will convince the reader that it is unjustly 
bigoted. If we say that it is but a machine attacking the figure 
heads and institutions of Protestantism we would but assign it 
its true place. 

I wish to acknowledge the kindness of those in charge of 
the Reading Eoom and Manuscript Department of the British 
Museum. As every one knows who has had an opportunity of 
research in its halls, that for richness of its archives, methods, 
and convenience, it remains without an equal. 

Ernest L. Harris. 
Heidelberg, University Germany, November Iph 1893. 



1-' 
Contents. 



Page 

Chapter I. Introduction 1 

II. Early Discoveries in America and a Retrospective Glance at 

England During the First Part of the 17th Century . . 2 

III. The First Lord Baltimore. Avalon 9 

IV. Religious Toleration in Avalon ........ 15 

V. The Founding of Maryland 17 

VI. Establishment of Catholic Missions 20 

VII. Dissensions in the Colony 22 

„ VIII. The Act of Toleration 26 

., IX. The Rebellion 28 

X. Up to the Restoration of the Stuarts 30 

XI, After the Restoration 31 

„ XII. Was a Charter Granting Exceptionable Liberties to the Ca- 
tholics Possible 33 

„ XIII. Maryland in relation to the Other Colonies 40 

,. XIV. Miscellanea 46 

„ XV. Conclusion 49 

Chronological Table 53 

Vita 55 



CHAPTER I. 



Introduction. 

The question of who was tolerant in the Maiyland colony 
in matters of religion has long been a subject of dispute. To- 
day the Catholic points with boasting pride to the annals of 
Mar^!-^nd and claims that they are conclusive evidence in favor 
of his tolerant spirit, - Avhile on the other hand the Protestant 
ever seeks to lind some fallacy by which he may represent 
them otherwise or at least construe them in such manner as 
to enhance his own argument or conviction. 

It is a subject of the deepest interest. Yet owing to un- 
fortunate circumstances in the early history, it is one around 
which there will probably ever be a degree of uncertainty^). 

To throw more light upon this subject is the object of this 
thesis. 

It is not our intention to cover the field in detail. That 
has to a certain extent been performed by the historian who 
has devoted his labor to that particular task. Ours shall be a 
more modest ettbrt, yet one which does not necessarily possess 
less of interest or practical worth. 

It is not our desire to assume a polemical attitude or carry 
on a series of controversial arguments. On tlie contrary it is 

1) "The history of the first twelve years of the Maryland colony is very 
imperfect and will always remain so. In 1()44 William Clayborne and his 
associates instigated a rebellion and Leonard Calvert was compelled to fly for 
his life. He sought refuge in Virginia where he was kindly received by Governor 
Berkely. The rebels took possession of the public records and after they were 
driven out it was found that most of these had been either lost or destroyed, 
so that not only are we left very much in the dark, but no possible means may 
be devised to throw light upon the subject.'' — Scharf. 

1 



our intention to search for the truth, if success crowns our 
eifort, we shall state the facts briefly and candidl}', and without 
regard to denominational sects. 

In order to lay a foundation upon which to build our work, 
it is indispensably necessary to be acquainted in some measure 
with the events which immediately led to the colonization of 
Maryland. This will require not only a concise detail of such 
European attempts, to form settlements in other parts of North 
America, as preceded that of Maryland in time, but also a short 
elucidation of the nature of those religions controversies in 
England, which produced the colonial settlements in New Eng- 
land and Maryland. To that task we shall now turn our atten- 
tion. 



CHAPTER II. 



Early Discoveries in America 

and 

A Retrospective Glance at England during the First Part 

of the 17*^^ Century. ') 

The discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus 
in 1492 filled all Europe with astonishment and admiration. 
This wonderful achievment of the renowned citizen of Genoa 
cast such a lustre of brilliancy upon the throne of Ferdinand 
and Isabella as to justly excite the envy of all other monarchs. 
The 16^^' century seemed, as it were, to be one grand drama in 
which the changing scenes were contest and rivalry. The diffe- 
rent nations even though in the throes of the Reformation, bat- 
tling against civil dissension within and threatening dangers 
without, found time and resources to continue the great work 



1) Before writing the above I carefully read Ranke, Hume and Guizot's 
writings on the subject, so that the statements contained therein are based upon 
these authorities. 



which had been so nobly begun. To a casual observer, in a 
glance at the nations of Europe, it seemed as if the Spaniards 
were the ones destined as most likely to accomplish ends of 
importance in the newly discovered land. For many years they 
had been engaged in a continuous struggle with the Moors, 
which had given them a great love of adventure for its own 
sake, and a desire to spread Christianity among the heathen, 
and if necessary for forcing them to accept it. Their record 
at this period is one of glor}^, good and cruelty commingled. 
To see its embodiment, we have but to glance at liistory. In 
Florida, that land of luxurious foliage and continual summer 
we find Ponce de Leon searching for the spring of ever-lasting 
life. In Mexico we see Cortez with his selected few overcoming 
the resistance of the Aztec, and planting the seeds of a higher 
civilization. De Soto, w^andering from Tampa north and west- 
ward over the Alleghenies through the heart of an undiscovered 
country, comes to the silent waters of the Mississippi, in the 
bosom of whose. waves he found an eternal resting place. And, 
how prospered it with the standard of Aragon and Castile 
beyond the equator? Pizarro with a wanton hand had destroyed 
the ancient lineage of Incas and laid waste the Temple of the 
Sun. Peru with its exhaustless stores of precious gems, vast 
fields of developed wealth, kept pouring into the coffers of Spain 
a subsidy ^) which at that time enabled her to maintain a leading 
position among the nations of Europe. 

No wonder then that proud Spain was envied by her neigh- 
bors, especially France and England. Her emperor Charles V. 
sat upon a throne, which exerted a direct influence over half 
the known world. He was a successor of the Caesars. And, 
then had he not defeated the claims of Henry VIII and Francis I 
to that same succession? Was it not from motives of mere 
revenge that the armies of the Bourbon prince were hurled in 
vain against the imperial standard at Pavia, where they suffered 
an ignominious defeat and their leader, the king, compensated 
in person for his rashness by a long and gloomy inprisonment 

1) According to Mc Cabes Universal History, p. 1128, by the close of the 
16th Century the export of the precious metals amounted to about twenty million 
dollars, or eighty million marks, per annum. 



" 4 — 

ill the dungeons of Alcazar? Did not Wolsey, the pampered 
minister of the Tudor d3'nasty, work against the real interests 
of his island home to gain the favor and assistance of this 
same emperor towards enhancing his anticipations regarding 
the Holy See? The power of the imperial influence rivalled 
that of the spiritual at Rome. The one scarcely ventured upon 
a project of consequence without the consent and co-operation 
of the other. 

Thus we see the immense advantage Spain held in her 
relation towards the New World during the greater part of 
the 16^'' century. A large and lucrative commerce was conducted 
between her and the colonies, which poured their rich products 
into her markets, and received her manufactures in return. Had 
tlie mother country been govenied by a liberal and enlightened 
policy, this wealth might have enabled her to maintain her 
position as the most powerful state of Europe. Narrow minded 
and bigoted, she derived no lasting benefit from it. The Spanish 
colonies in America, however, were governed upon the most 
despotic principles, and were regarded by Spain chiefly as a 
source of wealth. 

The French were early attracted to the fisheries of the 
banks of Newfoundland ; Verrazzini an Italian navigator in the 
service of Francis I, explored the Atlantic coast from Florida 
to Nova-Scotia and visited the harbors of New York and New- 
port. Later, Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence to beyond the 
site of Quebec and Montreal, but no- attempt at settlement was 
made until the end of the century. 

Late in the 15"' century England under Henry VII, looked 
longingly towards the New World. But England at this period 
was much exhausted. True, its military glory retained its rank 
with any, but the ambition of its monarchs had long wasted 
its energy on pernicious and inefl:ectual efforts to conquer France. 
The contest between the houses of York and Lancaster had as 
it were, preyed upon its bowels and exhausted its vigor. Only 
the city of Bristol seemed to have public spirit and enterprise 
left. It was here that John Cabot, desirous of emulating the 
exploits of Columbus, fitted out partly at his own exi)ense a 



- 5 - 

Meet of live ships, and set sail for tlie New World ^). Notliiii.a' 
of importance follows this nntil the reign of Elizabeth. Tlien 
the world is startled by the naval exploits of Hawkins and 
vSir Francis Drake. Sir Humphrey Gilbert is granted a charter 
to make settlements and discoveries in America^). Sir Walter 
Raleigh^) rising by his estimable ([ualities into the good graces 
of his queen, obtained her permission and assistance in sending 
an expedition to the coast of the Carolinas, but though repeated 
expeditions were sent out the attempt to colonize the Roanoke 
at this time proved a failure. 

The interest of the history of the western woild centres 
in North America. Until the opening of the 17*'' century Eng- 
land made no further effort to colonize the territory which she 
claimed : but now associations began to be formed for the plan- 
ting of commercial colonies upon the American coast. The first 
of these was the London Company, which was chartered by 
king James T in 1606. Soon, through the efforts of Captain 
John Smith, a permanent settlement was made upon the banks 
of the James river in Virginia. The government of tliis colony 
was tirst vested in a council appointed by the king; but^after 
several changes, the people were given the right of self-govern- 
ment, and a house of burgesses chosen by them was established. 
This was the first i'e]>resentative body that ever met in America, 
and held its tirst session on the lO*"" of June 1619'*). 

We have now reached that point when we must examine 
the religious condition of England, and ascertain, if possible, 
why the divided .sects abandoned their native country, and 
sought to make their homes on the shores of a new and un- 
known world. 

It was in the name of Faith, and of religious liberty, that 
in the 16*'' century, commenced the movement which, from that 
ei)Och, sus])ended at times, but ever renewed, has been agitating 



1) Patent at large in the original Latin in Plazard. Vol I. p. 9. — British 
•Museum. 

2) Charter at large in Hazards collections. Vol. I. p. 24. 

3) Good sketch of life in Fuller's Worthies. 

4) In August of the same year a Dutch man of war brought a cargo of 
African slaves into the James river, and so introduced negro slavery into America. 



and exciting the world. The tempest rose first in the liuman 
soul: it struck the Church before it reached the State. In 
German}^ the Reformation was religious, and not political; in 
France the Revolution was political and not religious. It was 
in the 17*^ century the fortune of England, that the spirit of 
religious faith and the spirit of political liberty reigned together 
in her heart, and that she undertook, at one and the same 
time, both revolutions. All the high passions of human nature 
were thus set in array, without wholly breaking bounds; 
and the hopes and ambitions of eternity remained to men, after 
they believed that their ambitions and their hopes of this world 
had failed. 

The Catholics suffered much in England during the reign 
of king James I. But had they not from the natural se- 
quence of things drawn this persecution upon themselves? On 
being disappointed in the son of Mary Stuart, did they not 
conceive a deep laid plan by which they might at one blow rid 
themselves of the king, the heir apparent, the Protestant lords 
and commons, and place matters in a state which would enable 
them to seize the government and restore the Catholic religion 
in England?^) Surely none but Catholics entered into this 
villainous plot, and on its failure the perpetrators were all exe- 
cuted. The entire English nation joined in a thanksgiving for 
the discovery of the conspiracy, and the hatred of the English 
for the Roman religion was intensified by the very means which 
they had hoped would secure the triumph of their faith. More 
stringent laws against the Catholics were enacted, and a new 
oath of allegiance was required of them, renouncing in the 
most unqualified terms, the Catholic doctrine that princes ex- 
communicated by the pope might be deposed or murdered by 
their subjects or others ^). 

Upon the accession of Charles T to the throne he married 
the Princess Henriette Marie, daughter of Henry IV. of France, 

1) Known as the Gunpowder Plot, Everything was arranged to blow up the 
Parliament House on the 5<h of Nov. 1605, the day on which the king was to 
open the session. 

2) Some of tlie Romanists took the oath; others, at the bidding of Pope 
Paul V. refused it. 



— 7 — 

to wliom he had been betrothed during the latter part of his 
father's reign. The union was distasteful to the English, as the 
new queen was a Roman Catholic. She was accompanied to 
England by a retinue of priests of her own faith, and these 
instead of confining themselves to there religious duties under- 
took to interfere with the affairs of the court to such an ex- 
tent, that quarrels soon became innumerable. All these pro- 
ceedings aroused such storms of indignation througliout the 
nation that the French attendants of the queen were sent back 
to their own country. She was allowed, however, to have twelve 
priests and a bishop of the Romish Church attached to her 
household. 

The reign of Charles T. was but one continual conflict with 
his Parliament. During the first few years, he repeatedly called 
a Parliament together, and upon their refusing to grant his 
claims, as often dissolved it. He finally determined to rule 
without Parliaments, and called to his assistance two ministers') 
eminently qualified to assist him in his tyranny. Strafford aimed 
to prevent a reconciliation between the Catholics and Protes- 
tants of the kingdom, in order to make both parties dependent 
upon the crown. In this he was successful, and laid the foun- 
dation for a whole system of evils for the unhappy country. 
He I'educed Ireland to perfect submission to the royal will as 
expressed by himself, and held the lives, the liberties, and the 
fortunes of the Irish people entirely at his pleasure. To Laud 
was given the task of compelling the submission of the Puritans 
to the authority of the established church. The Puritans now 
comprised a very large part of the nation, and embraced in 
their number many of the best and most eminent men, and 
many of the most learned of the clergy of the kingdom. Laud 
directed the whole power of the government to crushing this 
party. Liberty of conscience or belief meant treason in his 
estimation, and must be put down. The Star Chamber, a court 
composed of members of the king's council, which in the previous 
reigns had earned an infamous notoriety for its tyranny, Avas 
put to work to compel submission. The Court of High Commission 



1) Thomas, Earl of Strafford and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. 



was also employed for the same purpose. The tyranny of these 
courts was carried to an unheard-of extent. Fines and im- 
prisonments of an excessive nature Avere levied upon all who 
refused conformity, and from these the courts passed to other 
shameful and cruel punishments. The only result of this per- 
secution Avas to increase the detestation with which the king 
and liis ministers were regarded, and to increase the number 
of the Puritans, who were looked upon as martyrs to the cause 
of popular liberty. 

It was under such oppression as this that the early Puri- 
tans were compelled to abandon their native country. Exposed, 
without the means of defence, to persecution, as soon as it had 
ferreted them out, they fled, and generally retired to Holland. 
But soon love for their country struggled in their hearts, with 
the desire for liberty; to conciliate both, they sent messages to 
the friends whom they bad left behind, concerting with them 
to go together in search of a new country, in some scarcely 
known region, but which at least belonged to England, and 
where English people only were to be found. The more wealthy 
sold their property, bought a small vessel, provisions, implements 
of husbandry, and under the charge of a minister of their faith, 
Avent to join their friends in Holland, thence to proceed together 
to North America, Avhere some eiforts at colonization Avere then 
making. 

This emigration of the Puritans presents to us a spectacle 
at once sad but truly sublime. Where in the history of the 
Avorld do we find sucli another scene! Wliere in the long ar- 
chives of the past do Ave find such pure and simple devotion 
to the ever-present influence of the spirit of God ! Do Ave find 
an example? Yes, but it is in the beginning of the ages. We 
must turn back over the centuries to the land of the Pharaohs, 
by the Avaters of the Nile, the sacred river of the Egyptians. 
And Avhat do we behold. Ah ! we gaze upon a scene AAiiich has 
been burnt into the very soul of man, which has through the 
medium of the Word of God been handed doAvn to us through 
the ages, and one w^hich is destined to go on to the end of 
time. We see the Hebrew host being led from the land of 
Goshen by a "pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by 



— 9 — 

iiiglit"^). The watei'j> of the Red Sva are .si-paialed, and they 
pass in safety to tJie shores of Arabia. By Sinai's Mount, througii 
tlie plain of Er-Rahah, tliey wander, forty years are they in 
tlie Wilderness of Paran, and tlien, wlien tlieir great prophet 
leaves them for his lonely grave in the vale of Nebo's Mount, 
they journey on through to the Promised Land. Yes indeed, 
the sutferings, the devotion to religion, the manifold intensity 
of brotherly love of these poor persecuted Puritans reminds us 
forcibly of the outcast sons of Israel. In our imagination we 
picture that last sad parting upon the sands of Holland, watch 
breathlessly the course of the Mayflower as she is tossed by 
tlie storms of the sea until she anchors in safety on the shores 
of Cape Cod. 

But it is the Catholic, and not the Puritan, with whom 
we intend to treat. The same persecution to which the Pilgrim 
Fathers were subjected, was administered in the same degree 
to the papal adherents. They too, found no peace within the 
bounds of England. They too, must look elsewhere than their 
native country in which to establish an asylum for their faith. 
They had before them the example of the Pilgrims. Might they 
not also be equally as successful beyond the seas ? Such seems 
to have been the belief, desire, and aim of one of their great 
leaders, and to the shores of Avalon was his attention and 
energy first directed. 



CHAPTER III. 



The First Lord Baltimore. 
Avalon. 

(ieorge Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was born at 
Kipling near Richmond, in the north of England, sometime 
during the year 1582 ^j. He was descended from a noble Flemish 

1) Exodus, XIII. 22 ti'. 

2j I have been unable to ascertain the day on which he was born. 



— 10 — 

family') and came from the land of the Fairfaxes and Wenth- 
worths, all of whom have remote descendents in the United States 
of America ^). He received "his education at Trinity College 
Oxford ; then beyond the seas" ^). Upon his return from the Con- 
tinent he obtained an appointment in Ireland from which he 
was promoted from time to time to other offices, being often 
employed on public aitairs, at home and abroad. When Sir Ro- 
bert Cecil became Lord High Treasurer under the reign of Eliza- 
beth, he made Calvert clerk of the Privy Council. He was 
knighted in 1617, and the next year became one of the secre- 
taries of state. At a very early period he became interested 
in American colonization, and was a member of the Virginia 
company^). In 1620 he purchased the southwest peninsula of 
Newfoundland, and sent out Captain Edward Wynne, with a 
small colony, wiio formed a settlement at Ferryland^). 

At this time Calvert began thinking seriously about 
religious aifairs. His son had married into a Eoman Catholic 
family, and there is no question but that the father-in-law ^) 
exercised a great influence in persuading Calvert to return 
to the ancient church. In 1624 he prepared to arrange his 
affairs to meet the consequences attendant on a profession of 
a faith proscribed by the laws of the state. He relinquished his 
seat in Parliament, and was received into the church. "He freely 
confessed himself to the king that he was then become a Roman 
Catholic, so that he must either be w^anting to his trust or 
violate his conscience in discharging his office""^). King James 
was highly affected by Calvert's sincerity and to show proper ap- 
preciation for his long and faithful services, created him Baron 
of Baltimore in the kingdom of Ireland, and also retained him 
as a member of the Privy Council, exempting him from obli- 
gations which he now as a Catholic could not fulfil. 



1) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 28. 

2) Neill's Terra Mariae. 

3) Fuller's Worthies. Vol. III. p. 417— 418. 

4) Neill's Terra Mariae. 

5) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 29. 

6) Sir Thomas Arundell. 

7j Fuller's Worthies. Vol. III. p. 417—418. 



— 11 — 

111 Ai)ri] 1623, Lord Baltimore had obtained a charter') for 
the province of Avalon in Newfoundland making him lord-pro- 
prietor where he was as yet only a land owner. It was now 
his aim to lead out a colony, and make it his permanent resi- 
dence. Whether or not he designed it to be a refuge for op- 
pressed Catholics, is difficult to ascertain. NeilP) states that 
"he went not as a curiosity seeker, nor a religious exile, but to 
save his investments if possible." "Frankly, he tells a friend." 
"I must either go and settle it in better order or else give it 
over and lose all the charges. I have been at hitherto for other 
men to build their fortunes upon. And I had rather be esteemed 
a fool by some for the hazard of one month's journey than to 
prove myself one certainly for six years past if the business 
be now lost for the want of a little pains and care."^) Shea 
thinks^) there can be no doubt, but that he intended this lirst 
colony as a place for English Catholics. He claims that Balti- 
more had concerted with Arundell a long time previous to the 
marriage which connected the two families, in a scheme of 
planting a colony of this kind. What ever his real intention 
may have been in this respect is, of course, beyond our power 
of solving, but a glance at the charter may assist us in coming 
to some conclusion. 

The charter of Avalon^) made Lord Baltimore "true and 
absolute lord and proprietary of the region". It was certainly 
liberal towards Catholics in comparison to the penal laws^) of 
England at that time. A charter directly favoring or protecting 
Catholics was of course something king James could not give, 
but he allowed all believing in the Roman faith to^emigrate at 
will to the new province. Baltimore was privileged to make 



1) Original charter on tile in Manuscript Department, British Museum, 
8—16 inclusive Miscellaneous Papers 589. 

2) Judging from tlie tone of Shea (see footnote ''Church in Colonial Days", 
p. 35). Neill would be considered by most Catholic writers as doubtful authority. 

3) Terra Mariae, Chapter I. 

4) Colonial Days. p. 30. 

5) The charter is also given in part. Scharf's History of Maryland. Chapter I, 
3;'.-40. 

6) They were very severe. As recent as 1628, a Catholic priest was hanged, 
drawn, and ([uartered in England on account of his religion. 



— 12 — 

tlie necessary laws and appoint all officers. Fnll authority was 
given to all the king's subjects to proceed thither and settle, 
even if there should be a province law to the contrary. No 
laws could be made which did not in a degree harmonize with 
those of England, and a special clause in the charter reads 
thus": "Provided always that no interpretation ])ee admitted 
thereof whereby God's holy and truly christian religion or alle- 
giance due unto us, our heires and successors may in anything 
suffer any prejudice or diminution." Thus we see that it was 
not especially founded for those oppressed in religion. But one 
point is certain, as far as we are concerned in this chapter; 
Baltimore, in making out the charter, had a mind to those who 
were suifering for conscience sake. Among the colonists he 
took with him there w^ere many Protestants; he thus showed 
his sense of the equal religious rights of all. He furthermore 
gave the Protestant colonists a place for worship and a cler- 
gyman. There can be no doubt but that he endeavored in Ava- 
lon to enable each settler to worship God according to the 
dictates of his own conscience, and in so granting tolerance 
to religious freedom, rose pre-eminently above his time and 
country. 

To give some idea of what Baltimore did and suffered for 
Avalon we quote the following. 

"Sir George Calvert Knight, — Lord Baltimore, purchased 
(to wit in the yeer of our Lord one thousand six hundred and 
twenty) a great part of Newfoundland, which afterwards was 
also granted to him and his heirs by a Patent from king James 
under the then Great Seal of England. And the said Tract of 
Land was by the said Patent erected into a Province and called 
Avalon the bounds and limits where of are described in the 
said Patent (bearing the fourth day of April in the one and 
twenteeth yeer of the Reign of King James, and in the yeer 
of our Lord one thousand six hundred twenty and three) whereby 
also for his better encouragement to make a plantation there, 
many privileges were granted to him and his heirs, amongst 
which one was to have and enjoy all Costonies and Lnports, 
which should be payable there for any Goods or Merchandizes 
whatsoever, to be laden or unladen within any part of the said 



13 



Pr(»viiice by foireiguers, reiserviiig- to the English tree liberty 
of taking and drying of Fish there as formerly they had." 

"The said Lord Baltimore did tliere upon expend above 
twenty tlioiisand pounds in transportation of people, Chattel 
and other necessaries from time to time, for the settling of an 
English colony there, at a place called Ferryland within the 
said Province,^ where he built a fair house for his own habi- 
tation, and erected divers otlier buildings and Forts for the 
accommodation and security of several English families trans- 
ported thither, unto which place he also adventured his own 
person twice, and in Iiis last voyage thither carryed with him 
liis wife and most of his children ; at which time (there being 
then war between England and France) it pleased God to make 
him an instrument to redeem about twenty sail of English ships 
there, which had been taken by French men of war, where of 
one Monsier de la Rode had the chief command; and also (after- 
wards) in the same yeer to take six French ships, which w^ere 
then fishing upon that coast, and which he sent with a great 
many Frenchmen prisoners into England" 0- 

But the climate of Newfoundland was to severe and his 
close proximity with the French was ever a source of annoyance. 
Baltimore began to look aiound for some warmer clime in which 
he might settle, and still retain all the privileges which had 
been granted him in Avalon. 

In October 1629, Baltimore visited Virginia. It is quite 
likely that he intended to devote his means and ability towards 
building up this colony, for as w^e see he had for a long time 
been inteiested in it and was at this time a member of the 
Virginia Council. Baltimore had no sooner landed, than the offi- 
cials ') tendered him the oath of allegiance and supremacy. Tn 
doing this, they were assuming power not given to officials in 

1) Taken from printed document of that date (1630 about) on file in 
Manuscript Department, British Museum, in Papers Relating to English Colonies 
in America, 1627—1699. Egerton 2395. 

2) John Pott, acting governor and Clayborne Secretary, See Sainsbury. — 
"Calendar of State Papers" — Chapter I, p. 104, and Neill — "Founders of 
Maryland", p. 4'). 



— 14 — 

Virginia, at least the three charters do not mention it*). The 
second charter states that the treasurer and any three of the 
council may tender the oath to those going to Virginia^). The 
third charter gives a similar power, but there is not a word 
empowering subordinate officials in the colony to tender oath 
to a member of the council. We quote the instructions of the 
council itself to AVilliam Clayborne when they appointed him 
secretary. 

"Wee doe by these presents nominate and assign you the 
said William Clayborne to be our secretarie of State of and 
for the said colony and Plantation of Virginia residing in those 
parts ; giving and by these presents granting unto you tlie said 
William Clayborne full Power and Authoritie to doe execute 
and performe all and everie Thing and Things whatsoever to 
the said Office of Secretarie of State of and for the said Colony 
and Plantation of Virginia, incident and appertaineing" ^). 

The oath of allegiance was promptly taken by Lord Balti- 
more, but it was an impossibility for him to take the oath of 
supremacy, for he was, as w^e have every reason to believe, a 
conscientious Catholic. The oath at that time was the one 
prescribed by the statute established in the reign of Elizabeth^). 
Inasmuch as he must have thereby declared that the king was 
the only supreme governor of all his dominions and countries 
"as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as 
temporal". This could not consistently be done by one who 
believed the pope to be the supreme head of the Christian 
Church. It was also undoubtedly known to Baltimore who 
was an Irish peer, that pope Urban VIII. had but a few years 
before (1626) issued his bull to the Irish Catholics, in which 
"he exhorted them rather to lose their lives than to take that 
wicked and pestilent oath of supremacy, whereby the septre 
of the Catholic Church was wrested from the hand of the vicar 
of God Almighty" ^). 



1) See 4, James I. 

2) See 7, James I. 

3) Hazard I, p. 234 and 239. 

4) I Eliz. ch. I. Sec. 19. 

5) Mac Mahon's History of Maryland. 



— 15 — 

Thus it was evident to Baltimore that he could hope for 
nothing in Virginia. The. conduct of the officials showed him 
clearly that Catholics could not live in peace in that colony; 
and to secure them a refuge he must obtain a charter for a 
new province. Leaving his family in Virginia he sailed for Eng- 
land to employ his influence in obtainiuo- a new grant. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Religious Toleration in Avalon. 

That Lord Baltimore was tolerant in his relations toward 
religion there can be no doubt. But we would be shirking our 
duty if we did not endeavor in a measure to bring to light all 
the reasons for such a course of action. We do not do it to 
deteriorate in the least from Baltimore's character or fame, for 
we think these firmly and rightfully established. We shall sim- 
ply try to prove, that owing to circumstances an intolerant 
course would have been an impossibility. That Baltimore did 
have in view (along with other intentions — see page 11 of 
this thesis) the formation of an asylum for English Catholics ^) 
we allow 2), but we also assert with confidence that a charter 
granting a colony for Catholics to the exclusion of Protestants 
was something diametrically opposed to the policy and dispo- 
sition of England 3). It was not at all likely that England would 



1) The charter mentions it. Also see Oldmexions British Empire in Ame- 
rica. Vol. I. p. n. 

2) But we oppose the statement that he lead out the colony solely for 
Catholics without any mind to a personal investment as well. See p. 11 of 
this thesis. 

3) See p. 11 of this thesis. 

"Full authority was given to all the king's subjects to proceed thither and 
settle, even if there should be a province law to the contrary"' — and further — 
"No laws could be made which did not in a degree harmonize with those ot 
Kngland." See p. 12 of this thesis." Thus we see no distinction was made. 

Shea in ''Church in Colonial Days" practically corroborates these state- 
ments. See p. 30, 31. 



— 16 — 

so arrauge circumstances that they would lead to such blood- 
shed as had on several occasions occurred during" tlie latter 
part of the previous century^). The same questions precisely 
occur in both x^valon and Maryland, as regards toleration with, 
perhaps, the exception of the influence of surrounding colonies. 
We will then leave Avalon, since the same principle lies at the 
bottom of both, and refer our reader to the chapter on Reli- 
gious Toleration in Maryland (See Chapt. XIII). 

The first Lord Baltimore is certainly entitled to the respect 
of the entire world. "He deserves" says Bancroft^) "to be 
ranked among the most wise and benevolent law-givers of all 
ages. He was the first in the history of the Christian world to 
seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice, 
and not by the exercise of power; to plan the establishment of 
popular institutions with the enjoyment of liberty of conscience ; 
to advance the career of civilization, by recognizing the right- 
ful equality of all Christian sects. The asylum of Papists was 
the spot where, in a remote corner of the world, on the banks 
of rivers, which as yet had hardly been explored, the mild for- 
bearance of a proprietary adopted religious freedom as the 
basis of the state." 

All historians and writers are willing to do full credit to 
the character of Baltimore. Dying, he left "a name against 
which the breath of calumny has hardly whispered a reproach."^) 



1) The one of greatest note is that of Spain V.-S. France, and France's 
vengeoce visa versa Spain: While the Reformation was agitating France, Coligny 
in 15<i*2 sent out an expedition under John Eibaut to found in Florida a colony 
especially for the reformed faith. The colony succeeded, and prospered in every 
way. But in 1565 Philip II. of Spain who claimed a Catholic jurisdiction over 
the whole of America sent out Pedro Menendez to exterminate it. He fell upon 
the unsuspecting Frenchmen suddenly and massacred nearly the entire garrison. 
All the prisoners were hanged, and their corpses piled up in a heap on the 
ground. This inscription was placed above them. "Not as Frenchmen, but as 
heretics". France however was avenged. Three years later a private expedition 
fitted out at the expense of one man, fell suddenly upon the Spanish colony and 
completely destroyed it. They placed over the dead this inscription. "This we 
do not to Spaniards, but as to traitors, thieves, and murderers." For splendid 
account see Guizot's History of France. Vol. 5. chapt. LIII. p. 157, 158. 

2) History of the United States vol. I. chapt. VII. p. 185. 

3) See Bancroft's History of the United Staates p, 185. vol. I chapt. VH. 



- 17 



He had passed through many hai'dships and had endured much 
suttering, all for the sake of planting a colony from which he 
personally never reaped any benetit. 



CHAPTER V. 



The Founding of Maryland. 

In February 1630 Lord Baltimore applied for a grant of 
land, south of the James River "to be peopled and planted by 
him"^). A charter was signed and granted by Charles I. but 
on the violent opposition of Virginia it was revoked-). Balti- 
more persisted however, and tlnally obtained a grant for a 
district to the northward. This contained the territory north 
of the Potomac to the fortieth degree, with a portion of the 
eastern shore of the Chesapeke, and extending to tlie ocean ^). 
The new province was named Maryland by the king in honor 
of his wife Henrietta Maria daughter of Henry IV. of France^). 
But before the charter^) passed the Great Seal of England 

1) Sainsbury, "Calendar of State Papers". 

2) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 33. 
Doyles "America", chapter X. p. 146. 

Bancroft does not state that the first charter was withdrawn. See vol. I. 
chapt. VII. p. 179—200. 

This tirst charter was undoubtedly penned by Lord P>altimore himself as 
all authorities agree on that point. 

3) Bancroft vol. 1. p. 183. 

4) Doyles '"America", Mac Cabes Universal History. It is claimed that had 
the king not used his privilege of giving a name, it was Baltimores intention 
to call it Crescentia. Neills "Terra Mariae." 

5) Charter may be found in Bozmans History of Maryland. Vol. II, I— 21. 
Bacons Collections of Laws of Maryland (Original Latin). Hazard 1. 327 — 337 
(Original Latin). Commented upon by Chalmers, p. 202- 205. .Also by Mac. 
>lahou 133 18:; and Storv vol. I. 92— :t4. 



— 18 — 

Lord Baltimore died, but liis son ^) obtained the promised grant 
under the same conditions and proceeded at once to carry out 
his father's plans. 

Cecil Lord Baltimore^) appointed his brothei' Leonard Cal- 
vert governor of the province, and set about to make every 
arrangement for embarkation. Gentlemen of birth and distinction 
resolved to venture their lives and a good part of their fortunes 
in an enterprise of planting a colony under so favorable a charter. 
Two vessels, the Ark and the Dove, ^) were gotton in readiness, 
and on the 22 of November 1633 they set sail^). In the spring 
of 1634 they landed oif Point Comfort in Virginia and forwarded 
letters from (-harles I. to the colonial government ordering them 
to welcome the newcomers with courtesy and humanity. Leaving 
Point Comfort they ascended the Potomac to the Lidian village 
of Piscata(iue, from which a large number of the inhabitants 
had just fled for fear of a neighboring tribe. Those who 
remained received the settlers hospitably, accepted some pre- 
sents and granted the English the empty part of the town-^). 
The place Avas named St. Mary's. Catholics and Protestants 
dwelled together in harmony, neither attempted to interfere 
with the religious rights of the other. Here "religious liberty", 
says Bancroft, "obtained a home, its only home in the wide 
world, at the humble village which bore the name of St. Mary's". 

And how had nature endowed this Maryland? Since the 
time when the earth's surface hardened over the chaos within 



1) Brown and Scharf state in their History of Maryland that George Lore] 
Baltimore's wife and children lost their lives crossing the Atlantic from Virginia 
to join the husband and father in England. It seems incredible however as all 
other authorities are silent on the matter. 

2) At first Lord Baltimore intended to lead out the colony himself, but 
for some unknown reason abandoned the idea and appointed his brother. 

3) The Ark was a vessel of 350 tons burthen and the Dove was Lord 
Baltimore's, own pinnance of 50 tons. 

4) Shea claims that they had made an effort to set sail some months pre- 
vious to this, but on account of malicious charges brought against them in the 
star Chamber, were detained. "Church in Colonial Days", p. 39. 

5) "The Indian women taught the wives of the newcomers to make bread 
of maize: the warriors of the tribe instructed the huntsmen how rich were the 
forests of America in game, and joined them in the ciiase.*' Bancroft j). JST. 



— 19 — 

she had been hoarding* a part of her exhaustless treasures. 
'J'he climate was invigorating- yet mikl, and the air salubrious. 
'Die deep, majestic Potomac, carrying its vast flood serenely 
and noiselessly between the well defined banks of its channel, 
imparted grandeur to a country whose rising grounds and 
meadows, plains festooned with prolific wild vines, woodlands, 
brooks and fountains, were so mingled together, that nothing 
was left to desire. Water-fowl of delicious flavor hovered along 
its streams, while its waters yielded to the angler an asto- 
nishing variety of fish. The forests were a natural park stocked 
witli deer, quails, partridges, and wild turkeys. These same 
sombre forests shed a melancholy grandeur over the magni- 
ficence of nature, and hid in their deep shades the rich soil 
which the sun had never warmed. No axe as yet had levelled 
the giant trees of the crowded groves, which groaned under 
the weight of leaning branches and fantastic forms of withered 
limbs that had been blasted and riven by lightning. The 
mountain sides blushed with flowers in their seasons, and re- 
sounded with the melody of birds. The health-giving westerly 
wind blew at all seasons, and in spring lovely flowers filled 
tlie air with the sweetest of perfumes. The golden eagle built 
its nest on the topmost ledge of the mountain, and might be 
seen wheeling in wide circles high above the pines, or dropping 
like a meteor upon its prey. Such was the nature of the land 
on which the new colony was to be planted. It was well, 
for everything they wanted for earthly subsistence was there. 
All could be had for the mere expense of labor. 

The settlers soon began their work. Forestjs were felled, 
houses were built, crops were planted, and in six months the 
colony had advanced more than Virginia had done in as many 
years ^). But far more memorable was the character of its in- 
stitutions and laws. Almost every country in the world had 
peisecuting laws, but the little colony of Maryland liad none. 
Under the mild restrictions and munificence of Baltimore, the 
dreary wilderness soon bloomed with the swarming life and 
activity of prosperous settlements. '^Public prosperity and private 

1) Bancroft vol. 1. cliapt. VII. p. Is7. 



— 20 — 

happiness were promoted by salutary laws which were as pri 
dently executed as wisely planned'^ ^). The constitution founde 
in Maryland at this time continued above one hundred and thirt 
vears-until the revolutionary war. 



CHAPTER VL 



Establishment of Catholic Missions. 

It will now be well to turn our attention for a time t 
the missions established by the Catholics during- these first fe^ 
years. Catholicity was first planted among- tlie English colonie 
in America on| March 25^'' 1634, mass being led by Fathe 
Andrew White ^). The Jesuit Fathers began at once to loo: 
about them for an opportunity to establish missions for th 
conversion of the Indians. Of their early labors no record i 
preserved, but it is supposed the time was spent laboring dili 
gently to overcome the ditficnlties presented by the India; 
languages. For a time Father White took up his residenc 
with the Indian chief Maquacomen of the Patuxent tribe wh 
seems to have shown some desire to embrace the faith. Bu 
he soon changed his mind, and even began open hostilitie 
against the missionaries, so Father AVhite was recalled by thi 
governor Leonard Calvert. 

The attempt to establish missions went steadily on. Thi 
priesthood^), had on dilferent occasions been reinforced fron 
Europe, so that a greater effort could now be put forth. Fathe 
White succeeded in penetrating some distance into the wilder 
ness to near the site of the present capital of the United States 

1) Chalmon — 220 — Notes on North America. 

2) It must be kept in mind however that many were Protestants. Fathe 
White in liis journal says, that of twelve that died on the passage to America 
only two were Roman Catholic, 

o) We are under the impression they were all Jesuits. 



— 21 — 

Wova he had blotter success tlmn before. The chief of the Pis- 
cataways listened to the instructions and finally became a con- 
vert, and encouraged missionary work among his people. He 
put away his concubines and observed the fasts and abstinences 
of the church. The baptismal ceremonies of this chief were 
celebrated with something like pomp, considering the incon- 
veniences and rude surroundings of the country at this period. 
In oi'der to show the full importance of the event, Governor 
Calvert and secretarv of the colon}' were present. It took place 
in the vicinity of the future capital of the country, and was 
attended by quite a concourse of settlers and Indians. This 
happened on the 5*^ of July 1640. 

In 1641 Lord Baltimore applied to the Pi'opaganda to estab- 
lish a mission in Maryland, and give facilities to a Prefect and 
secular priests. This Congregation accordingly complied. The 
Jesuits I'emonstrated in an appeal to the Holy See, claiming 
that it would not be expedient to remove those who first entered 
the field at their own expense, who for a number of years had 
endured want and suffering, and wiio had acquired the languages 
of the natives. 

l^he appeal arrived too late however. The Propaganda 
acting upon the petition of Lord Baltimore, sent out in 1642 
two secular priests, which number was increased from time to 
time. There can be no donbt of the persistent efforts of the 
newly established missions to convert the natives, but taken 
on the whole it was a miserable failure. A few chiefs might 
liave been converted, but as to any great body of Indians 
embracing Christianity, the statistics of to day (1893) will bear 
us out in the statement, that though Catholic and Evangelical 
missions liave been laboring upwards of three hundred years, 
tJie red man remains almost as ignorant and superstitious as 
wlien America was discovered. 



99 



CHAPTER VIL 



Dissensions in tine Colony. 

Ill 1642 tlie Civil War broke out in England. The agitatio 
soon spread to the colonies, wliere men's minds were dividei 
as they were in the mother country. The royal party or thos 
who favored the king was strong in Virginia, while in Ne^ 
England most of the people were on the side of the Parliameni 
In Maryland there were partisans on both sides, though, as Marv 
land was almost independent of Great Britain, her people di 
not suifer from the grievances of which the English complainec 
The desire of Lord Baltimore seems to have been to remai 
neutral as far as possible, and so preserve Maryland from civ; 
war. But he was known to be a friend of the king, and thi 
aroused ill-feelings among those of his colonists who favore 
the cause of Parliament, while the fact of his being a Roma 
Catholic was used by his enemies to turn the Protestants agains 
him. They had certainly no cause of complaint, for from tli 
very first Baltimore's policy had been that of entire toleratio 
to every form of Christian belief^): and those who in othe 
colonies were persecuted for their religion, found a refuge i 
Maryland. 

In Virginia Puritan settlers from New England were treate 
with great harshness by the authorities who were, tor the mos 
part, of the Anglican Church. To these Lord Baltimore otfere 
an asylum and many settled in Maryland ^). We quote th 

1) The clause for liberty in Maryland extended only to Christians. Thi 
read a proviso in the act of 1649 — "Whatsoever person shall blaspheme Goi 
or shall deny or reproach the Ho!y Trinity, or any of the three persons thereo 
shall be punished with death." 

2) "Ever intent on advancing: the interests of his colony Lord Baltimoi 
invited the Puritans of Massachusetts to emigrate to Maryland, ofiering the: 
lands and privileges." Bancroft, chapter VII. p. li)l. 

"In 1642 Lord Baltimore wishing to build up his colony invited as mar 
of the Puritans of Plymouth as chose to come into Maryland, offering the 
"free liberty of religion", but none at this time came. Later however son 



((►llowiu 



— 23 — 

o- from HammoiuVs "Leah and Racliel" (Edition of 

1055).') , .... 

"The Independents knew not m those straits how to 

dispose of themselves." 

"Maryland was courted by them as a refuge, the Lord Pro- 
prietor and his Governor solicited to, and several addresses 
and treaties made for their admittance and entertainment into 
that Province, their conditions were pittied, their propositions 
were hearkened unto and agreed on, which was that they 
should have convenient portions of land assigned them, liberty 
of conscience and privilege to chose their own offiders, and 
hold courts within themselves, all was granted them, they had 
a whole County of the richest land in the Province assigned 
them, and such as themselves made choice of, the conditions of 
plantations (such as were common to all adventures) were 
showed and propounded to them, which they extremely approved 
of, and nothing was in those conditions, exacted from them, but 
appeals to the Provincial court, quit-rents, and an oath of tide- 
litie to the Proprietor, an Assembly was called throughout the 
whole country after the coming over, (consisting as well of 
themselves as the rest) and because there were some few Pa- 
pists that first inhabited these themselves, and others of being 
ditferent judgments, an act passed that all professing in Jesus 
Christ should have equal justice, privileges and benefits in that 

settled in Virginia from whicli colony they were atterwards driven out, tliey tlien 
went to Maryland about 1649, and founded a small settlement .ailed Providence 
not for from where Annapolis now stands." Scharf, p. 37. 

(iriffith in his History of Maryland (Edition of 1821) says - "Many ot 
the Puritans had emigrated from Virginia, where they were persecuted by the 
Ei.iscopalians. and people of that and other sects from New England where the 
Puritans persecuted them." Griflith further continues (p. 5), "It does not appear 
that these colonists were actuated by an over pious zeal to convert the heathen, 
or the extravagant project of tinding a passage to the east through the western 
continent: but, out of respect for their religion, they planted the cross, and after 
fortifying themselves, plainly and openly set about to obtain by the tairest means 
in their power, other property and homes, where they should escape the perse- 
cutions of the religious and political reformers of their native country at that 
period."' 

1) May be obtained in British Museum. 



— 24 — 

Province, and that none on penaltie (mentioned) should disturb 
each other in their several professions, nor give the urging 
terms, either of Roundheads, sectarie Independent, Jesuit, Pa- 
pist etc., Intending an absolute peace and union: the Oath of 
fidelitie (although none other than such as ever}^ Lord of a 
manor requires of his tenent) was overhauled, and this clause 
added to it (provided it infringed not the libertie of the con- 
science)." 

"Thej^ sat downe joyfully, followed their vocations cheer- 
fully, trade increased in their Province, and divers others, were 
by this encouraged and invited over from Virginia." 

"But these people finding themselves in a capacitie not 
only to capitulate, but to oversway, those that had so received 
and relieved them." 

"Began to pick quarrels, first with the Papists, next with 
the Oath, and lastly declared their aversness to all conformitie, 
wholly ayming (as themselves since confessed) to deprive the 
Lord Proprietor of all his interest in that country and make 
it their own." 

After the royal power fell in England, Maryland became 
the scene of political and religious strife *). Clayborne who had 
established himself on Kent Island, urged perhaps by a con- 
viction of liaving been wronged^), and still more by the hope 

1) "For this was an age in which difference of religion was almost sure 
to lead to active hostility, since their Avas -scarcely a single sect which was con- 
tent to be merely tolerated, but each sought to force others to join it. and none 
more so than the Puritan party to which many of the intlnential Marylanders 
belonged." Doyles "America", \). 150. 

2) The Isle of Kent came within the bounds of the Assembly of Mary- 
land, and therefore came under its jurisdiction. Clayborne tried to dodge this 
fact, and jietitioned the Council for a grant. It was decided upon at Whitehall 
April 4 1688, and the order reads thus — "That no grant from his Majesty 
should pass to the said Clayborne or any others of the said Isle of Kent, or 
other parts or places within the said Patent, where of his Majesty's Attorney 
and Solicitor General are hereby prayed to take notice, and concerning the 
violences and wrongs by the said Clayborne, and tlie rest complained of in the 
said petition of his Majesty their Lordships did now also declare, that they found 
no cause at all to relieve them, but to leave both sides therein to the ordinary 
course of justice." Hazard vol. I, 4^1, 



- 25 — 

of i-evoiige, began the trouble. Chousing as his comrade one 
Kichard Iiigle ') and aided by the Puritans in the colony, Clay- 
borne not only held Kent Island against all the efforts of Go- 
vernor Calvert to reduce it, but with his force invaded St. Ma- 
ry's country, drove the governor from his capital, compelling 
him to seek safety in flight to Virginia, and made himself 
master of the Province. They acted with great tyranny towards 
those who remained faithful to Lord Baltimore. Bancroft says^), 
"the insurgents distinguished the period of their dominion by 
disorder and misrule, and most of the records were then lost 
or embezzled." They even arrested the unoffending missionaries 
among the Indians, broke up their stations and sent the ven- 
erable Father White in chains to England where he died in 
1656^). All the priests in the colony were forced to flee for 
their lives. Some fled to Virginia, where they were granted 
a scanty protection, others perished from hunger and want in 
the forests where they had sought a hiding place. Thus the 
missions suftered a reverse, and for the time being were com- 
pletely destroyed^). 

During all this time the Civil War had been raging in 
I^ngland. On the 14*'' of June 1645, the royalists under the 
king were decisivly defeated at Naseby, and their last hope 
of success was destroyed. The king was imprisoned in Holmby 
House, near Northhampton, where he awaited the decision of 
Parliament on his fate. 

Thus Baltimore's situation in regard to Maryland was a 
gloomy one. The parliamentary forces were completely victorious 
in England'^) while Clayborne and Ingle held full sway in 

1) Supposed at one time to have l)een a pirate. 

2) Chapter VI [. p. 193. 

.')) Upon his arrival in England Father White was indicted under the 
penal laws of 27 Elizabeth, for having been ordained a i)riest abroad and then 
coming into the kingdom, contrary to the statute, a crime punishable with death. 
On being brought to trial he pleaded that he had been brought violently and 
against his will into FiUgland. Upon tlie force of this argument he was acquit- 
ted, but perpetually banished, lie was allowed to return later, and died in 
Hamshire district. 

4) Scharf p. 33. 

0) It must be borne in mind that Baltimore was a. royalist and a staunch 
supporter of the king. 



— 26 — 

Maryland^). It seemed to him that all was lost, so he accor- 
dingly wrote his brother to try to save for him what he could 
of his private property out of the general wreck ^). But Leonard 
Calvert was made of sterner material. It appeared to him that 
all was not yet lost. The Virginians had been from the first 
hostle to the colony, but they were devoted royalists and they 
looked upon Calvert as a sulferer in the kings cause, and too, 
the way in which Clayborne governed Maryland was less to 
their liking than Baltimore's government. So Calvert found he 
could depend on help from Virginia. Gathering a force he 
suddenly surprised the faction in Maryland and recovered pos- 
session of the province, where the authority of the lord pro- 
prietary was once more established. 

On the 9^^ of June 1647, Leonard Calvert died, leaving the 
province in charge of Thomas Green until his successor should 
be appointed. "From the first planting of the colony he had 
labored incessantly and unselfishly for its good; had controlled 
its affairs, both in peace and war with wisdom, vigor and 
humanity, and his name should ever be cherished in the memory 
of Marylanders"^). 



CHAPTER VIII. 



The Act of Toleration. 

The authority of the Proprietary being now restored, the 
insurgents were banished and the missions began to improve. 
Baltimore applied once more to the Holy See for secular missio- 
naries, but failed to obtain them. The Jesuit Fathers came 
back to the land, collected together their scattered fiocks, and 
once more was the holy sacrifice offered, and confessions heard. 

1) They ruled under pretense of authority from Parliament. 

2) Scharf p. 33. 

3) Scharf p. 34. 



— 27 — 

111 1648 Lord lUltimore havino- in view the t'litiire pre- 
ponderance of Protestantism, for the sake of policy appointed 
William Stone (Protestant), who was believed to be ^vell affected 
to the Parliament, as governor. At the same time with a view 
to protecthig- his fellow religionists he compelled Stone and his 
assistants to take an oath not to molest Romanists or to keep 
them out of office. In this oath the Catholics were expressly 
named as at that time they had more reason to fear persecution 
than any others ^). 

On the 2"'' of April 1649, the Assembly met and passed 
the Act of Toleration which is one of the most memorable things 
in the history of Maryland. It proceeded as follows 2) : "Whereas 
the enforcing of conscience in matters of religion hath frequently 
fallen out to be of dangerous conseqnence in those common- 
wealths where it has been practical, and for the more quiet 
and peaceable government of this province, and the better to 
preserve mutual love and unity amongst the inhabitants, no 
person or persons whatsoever within this province or the islands, 
ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing 
to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be in anyway 
troubled or molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of 
his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof within 
this province or the islands thereunto belonging, nor anyway 
compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion, against 
his or her consent". It also further forbade the calling of any- 
one by any name of reproach on account of his belief, such as 
"heretic, idolater, or schismatic". 

"The passage of this act is one of the proud boasts of 
Maryland, and its exact execution until the government was 
overthrown by the Puritans, and from its restoration till the 
Protestant revolution, forms one of her greatest glories"^). 

It will be our duty in a later chapter to analyze if possible 
the motives Avhich led to the passing of this act. 

1) Thurloe's State Papers^ vol. V 

-2) Shea's Catholic Church In Colonial Days, p. 70. 

Bancroft's History of the United States, chapt. VII. p. 19o. 

Browne and Scharfs History of Maryland. 

o) Mc Sherry. 



28 



CHAPTER IX. 



The Rebellion. 

In the meantime emigration kept adding to Maryland's popu- 
lation. In 1638, a colony of Swedes came to America, and sailing 
up the Delaware landed near the site of the present city of 
Wilmington aiul built a fort which they named Christiana after 
their young queen. Disputes arose between them and the Dutch, 
who in 1655 finally conquered New Sweden. A number of the. 
Swedes fled to Maryland where they were kindly received 
Puritans came from England, NeAv England and Virginia and 
settled on South River and other places. It seems that the 
people at this time were content, for tlie Assembly, feeling 
grateful to Lord Baltimore for what he had done for them, 
placed upon the public records a testimony of their love and 
alfection ^). 

In 1651, commissioners w^ere sent out by Parliament (the 
Commonwealth being now firmly established) to the American 
colonies for tlie purpose of tending the oath of allegiance. 
Trouble arose between these commissioners and Stone, who was 
still governor of Maryland, and the latter was deposed. Finding 
however that he was popular among the colonists and not ill- 
affected to the Parliament, Stone was reinstated and foi' a few 
years matters went smoothly enough. In 1654 things were 
brought to a crisis by Baltimore sending instructions to Stone 
to demand an oath of fidelity to the Propi'ietor from all the 
colonists; all Avho refused were to be banished. The Puritan 
party, considering this a violation of their pledge to the Com- 
monwealth, arose in rebellion. Headed by Clayborne they com- 
pelled Stone to surrender his commission and government into 
their hands. Then followed gross intolerance. An Assembly 
was called which proliibited any Catholic to vote or to sit as 
a delegate. This body, after thus excluding the Catholics passed 
an act concerning religi(ui which read as follows: 

1) Scharf, 



— 29 — 

"It is hereby enacted and declared that none who profess 
and exercise the Popish (comnn»nly called the Roman Catholic) 
religion, can he protected in this province by the laws of Eng- 
land, formerly established and yet unrepealed; nor by the govern- 
ment of the Commonwealth of England etr., but to be restrained 
from the exercise thereof". It concluded thus: "Provided such 
liberty be not extended to Popery or prelacy, nor to such as 
under' the profession of Christ, hold forth and practice licentious- 
ness'' 0- 

This state of affairs provoked Lord Baltimore and led him 

to censure Stone severely. "The Lord Baltimore in his last 
letter to capt. Stone doth blame him for resigning up his go- 
vernment into the hands of the Lord Proprietor and Common- 
wealth of England, without striking one stroke; taxing him in 
etfect with cowardice, that having so many men in arms, he 
would not oppose, saying, that Bennet and Clayborne durst as 
well have been hanged as have opposed him" '0- Stone enraged 
by this accusation of being unfaithful to Baltimores interests, 
at once raised a force and endeavored to get possession of the 
government again. He was defeated with a loss of fifty of his 
followers. Stone was taken prisoner an<l would have been put 
to death but for the respect and affection borne him by some 
among the insurgents whom he had formerly Avelcomed to Maiw- 
land. Some of the prisoners were put to death in cold blood. 
After this victory on the Severn the Puritans held full sway. 
The Jesuit missionaries were all driven out of the colony and 
their i)roperty destroyed. This certainly w^as poor gratitude to 
the i)roprietary government wdiich had received them with kind- 
ness, which had fostered toleration and to which alone they 
were indebted for their residence in the colony. 

Ij Shea. 

2) Thurloe's State Papers — British Museum. 

Hammonds ''Leah and Rachel"' (Edition of 1655) contains a short ac- 
count of the rebellion, p. 25-26. Strong's "Babylon's Fall" in Maryland. Ham- 
mond V. S. Heamans (Edition of 16.')5) also contains a short acconnt. They all 
for the most part agree. 

The above edition mav be obtained in the British Museum. 



— 30 — 



CHAPTER X. 



Up to the Restoration of the Stuarts. 

Baltimore still clinging to the idea of regaining his power 
in the colony, appointed Josias Fendall to appear as his lieute- 
nant. Fendall raised an insurrection but accomplished nothing, 
still Lord Baltimore's confidence was continued to him. Thus 
for a season Maryland was divided. The Catholics of St. Mary's 
acknowledged Fendall as governor, while the Puritans adhered 
to the government of the commissioners. At lengtli a compro- 
mise was agreed upon, and the entire province was snrrendered 
to the agent of the Proprietor. The Puritans made a good 
bargain for themselves. Permission to retain arms ; an indem- 
nity for arrears; relief from the oath of feality; and a con- 
firmation of the acts and orders of the recent Puritan assemblies ; 
such were the conditions of the treaty. 

The death of Cromwell and the accession of his son Richard 
to the Puritan rule in England left Maryland in an uncertain 
state. The whole of England was in an unsettled condition. 
New and forcible questions presented themselves to the poor 
colony which Avas almost worn out by internal strife. Would 
Richard Cromwell permanently hold the place occupied by his 
father, or would Charles 11, be restored? And above all, did 
new strifes with Virginia and convulsions among themselves 
await them? Such were the problems which were presented 
to the Marylanders in the year 1660. Something must be done. 
Accordingly the representatives of the province, convened in a 
private house, and by the powei' of the people, voted themselves 
a lawful assembly, without dependence upon any other power 
in the colony. Fendall who was still governor permitted the 
power of the people to be proclaimed. They agreed to recog- 
nize no authority but that of the Assembly and the king of 
England, and an act was passed making it felony to disturb 
the peace which they had established. 



— 31 — 

Such was the condition of Maryland at the restoration of 
tlie Stuart dynasty. Slie was in full possession of her liberty 
based upon the sovereig-nty of the people. In spite of the tnr- 
l)uleuce and dissensions the land was dear to the inhabitants, 
^''riiere they desired to spend the remnant of their lives; there 
thev coveted to make their graves'' ')• 



CHAPTER XL 



After the Restoration. 



It is our intention in this chapter to touch but lightly upon 
the most important events, as the held is entirely too large .to 
cover in detail. In 1662 Lord Baltimore sent out his son 
Charles Calvert to govern the colony, and in 1676 he succeeded 
to his father's title and proprietorship. Owing to increase of 
clergy in 1677 a Catholic school was opened in Maryland. It 
prospered gieatly. The sons of the planters applied themselves 
with energy to their studies, and some after finishing the pre- 
scribed course, crossed the Atlantic to complete their education 
in the higher universities abroad. The missionaries continued 
to labor among the Indians. The converts in many cases lived 
side by side with the white settlers. Many of the chiefs adopted 
the usages of civilized life, their daughters became educated 
and frequently married into families of the colonists. Descen- 
dants^) of these marriages may be found in Maryland to day. 
In 1681 the Province of Pennsylvania was founded by William 
Penn. In this new colony all forms of religion were tolerated ^). 



1) Hammonds "Leah and Racliel" (Edition of lGo8). 

2) John rtandolpli of Roanoke is a descendant of such a family, and it is 
claimed that the Harrison family is also of such descent. 

;')) "Pennsylvania was the only colony except Maryland from which Papists 
were not excluded front the first hour of their settlement. After 16i»-2. it was 
the only colony that did not prohibit the public exercise of the r'atholic religion, 



— 82 - 

111 the thirty fifth clause of the laws agreed upon by Penu, it 
was provided: "That all persons living in the province who 
confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God 
to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World, and that 
hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and 
justly in civil society, shall in no way be molested or prejudiced 
for their religious persuasion or practise in matters of faith 
and worship, nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent 
or maintain any religious worship place or ministry whatever" ^). 
In 1688 the Protestant Ke volution in England drove 
James II. into exile and placed William and Mary upon the 
the throne. This was a signal for a change of atfairs in Mary- 
land. The Proprietor being a Roman Catholic was deprived of 
all political rights in the colony, though he was allowed to keep 
his proprietary rights over the soil. His successor later on, 
turned Protestant and was restored to his full rights as pro- 
prietor. Severe measures wore passed against Catholics. They 
numl)ered about twenty five thousand in the i>rovince at this 
time, but were greatly out-numbered by Protestants. A law 
was passed levying the same tax for the introduction into her 
territory of a Catholic Irishman as for the importation of a 
negro slave'''). The condition of Catholocism in the colonies 
was gloomy until the American Revolution. When tliis great 
tidal wave swept over the land, the Convention of 1774 appealed 
to all classes of citizens and prayed them to lay aside all reli- 
gious disputes and animosities (which could only withhold them 

and for forty years previous to that time our religion was not free even in Mary- 
land. It was, indeed, a haven from oppression, and a Catholic, even from the 
Catholic founded colony of Maryland was considered as having reached an asy- 
lum or sanctuary when within Pennsylvania's borders.'' 

Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. 
p. 81. 

Dutch Calvinists and Swedish Lutherans were also there. — Shea, 

"In this respect the Baptist Colony of Rhode Island, the Catholic Colony 
of Maryland, and the Quaker Colony of Pennsylvania deserve equal credit above 
the other colonies/' 

Johnston's History of the United States, p. 48. § 92. 

1) ''The Frame of Government'' 1682, cited by Shea. 

2) Dr. J. L. Spaldings, article in the Catholic World. July number ISTC. 



— 33 — 

from uniting in the defence of their common rights and liberties), 
and rise in behalf of their country. The Catholic fought side 
by side with his Potestant brother. A Catholic priest was a 
member of the delegation sent to Canada to bring about an 
alliance, (or at least secure the neutrality of that province), and 
a Catholic was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
When the war clouds had rolled away and the glorious sun of 
liberty shone out bright and clear, the Catholic then certainly 
had no reason longer to complain, for the framers of the Great 
Constitution recognizing the service which he had rendered to 
the cause, removed all obstructions^) from his pathway and 
allowed him to enter upon a new era and a new field. 



CHAPTER XII. 



Was a Charter Granting Exceptional Liberties to the Catholics 

Possible? 

We now enter upon that ti'ue part of our work which is 
to examine as far as possible the exact situation of the Catho- 
lics in Maryland, and what led them from the beginning to 
follow a tolerant policy. We have traced the historical and 
political condition of the colony up to the restoration of the 
Stuart dynasty, and the leading events to the outbreak of the 
American Revolution. We shall now deal with another phase 
of its existence, namely the Church of Rome. But to under- 
stand our subject we must go back to England, and glance at 
her history from the time when she first began to grumble at 
the spiritual supremacy of the pope, down to the final over- 
throw. 

In 1213 Pope Innocent III. had forced upon king John the 
payment of one thousand marks annually for his kingdom as a 



1) Constitution of the United States of America. 



— 34 — 

fief of the Holy See ^). But when the strong hands of Edward III. 
grasped the reins of government this yearly tribute came to 
an end. From that date the papal influence in England began 
to wane. It was not likely that the victor of Crecy, whose 
valiant son with a chosen few had subsisted in the heart of 
France and won the splendid triumph of Poitiers, would bend 
a knee to the claims of the pope. When the threat of excom- 
munication was borne from the Vatican to the palace of the 
English king, the matter was at once laid before the "Good 
Parliament" which unanimously sustained their sovereign in a 
permanent refusal. But other influences were being brought to 
bear upon the papal power. A learned scholar of Oxford appeared 
upon the horizon as the morning star of the Great Reformation. 
Wyclif ^) began to preach that the scriptures did not teach the 
supremacy of the pope. He translated the Bible into the English 
language which penetrated among all classes of the people and 
quietly prepared them for the great struggle which was to 
come. His doctrines and writings found their way into far off 
Bohemia where they induced Huss and Jerome of Prague to 
attempt a similar reform of the Church. 

The next great and decisive check given to the power of 
the Holy See was by Henry VIII. Becoming troubled with serious 
doubts concerning his marriage with his brother's widow, he 
appealed to Rome for a divorce which was refused. Henry then 
declared himself the head of the Church in his own dominions, 
put a stop to the payment of the large sums which were annu- 
ally drawn from England by the pontiff, suppressed the monas- 
teries and made it criminal to appeal to the pope or any person 
outside the realm. Henry thus struck a decisive blow at the 
connection between the English Church and Rome, and laid the 
foundation of its complete independence from that power. Being 
now the acknowledged head of church and state, the king 



1) Hume's History of England (Students Edition), p. 139. 
Green's History of the English Peoph', vol. I. p. 236. 

2) "It was lie who brought the political and religious tendencies of the 
age into the closest and most fruitful connection with the growth of the national 
language and literature of England." Ten Brink's Eng. Lit. Vol. II. p. 5. 



— 35 — 

annulled his marriage ^vith Catharine of Arragon, and married 
Anne Boleyn. 

When the news of the marriage reached Rome, Pope 
Paul III. excommunicated Henry, declared him deprived of his 
crown, and laid the kingdom under an interdict^). The pope 
called upon the people and nobles of England to take up arms 
against the king. But the appeal produced no effect. The re- 
formers were too strong, the power of the king too great, and 
the exposures of fraud and corruption on the part of the 
Romish Church, which had accompanied the suppression of the 
monasteries, had disgusted the English people too thoroughly 
to allow the Catholic party to hope for a successful rebellion. 
The pope found himself powerless to enforce his injunctions. 
The Bible translated into the English language had prepared 
the people for this crisis. They were as triumphant now as 
the "Good Parliament" and people had been in the days of 
Edward III. and Wyclif. 

During the reign of Mary, the kingdom was completely 
restored to Catholicism^). The confiscated ecclesiastical pro- 
perty was restored as far as possible. The legislations of 
Eenry VIII. were repealed, and the laws against the Lollards 
were revived. Some of the ablest minds in England were sent 
to the Tower, and as usual beheaded without a fair trial ^). 
Many of the worst practices of the Spanish Inquisition were 
introduced into England. Such a course of action brought to 
the queen her deserved reward. She was hated and cursed by 
her people with a bitterness which words have no power to 
express. They tormented her with libels and lampoons, which 
were dropped by unknown hands where she could not fail to 
find them. In the bitterness of her sorrow she would give way 
to bursts of despairing fury, and in retaliation would send her 
enemies to the stake. All this together with the queen's mar- 
riage to Philip II. of Spain, so utterly aroused the people that 
on Mary's death (1558) the news was greeted in all parts of 



1) Froude's History of EDgland, vol. II. p. 105. 

2) Froude's History of England, vol. V. chapt. XXXII. 

3) Rogers, Hunter, Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer suffered martyrdom at the 
stake. Froude, vol. V. chapt. XXXHI. Hume (Students Edition) chapt. XVII. 



— 36 — 

the land with demonstrations of joy, and an end was put for- 
ever to the power of Rome in England. 

With the accession of Elizabeth Protestantism was restored. 
She began her reign by restoring the doctrines and worship 
of the Church, to the form in which they had been left by Ed- 
ward VI. The bishops who had fled to the Continent to escape 
Mary's wrath were recalled, and at once refilled their charges 
in the diiferent see's, the Catholic bishops who refused to take 
the oath of supremacy being deprived of these offices. Elizabeth's 
reign was one of glory, yet one of continual danger. This was 
a critical point in the history of England and the world. The 
power of the papacy made one grand effort for the destruction 
of Protestantism. Fire and blood were the instruments used. 
From that Christian temple at Rome, from that great altar, 
which man miglit believe was the source of all good, have gone 
forth edicts which in their import contained the very essence 
of hell. History has traced them to their origin, watched their 
development as they went out into the world, analyzed the 
deeds when they were performed, and points to day with a 
stern hand at the results. The Inquisition, the promoting of 
the Society of Jesus, the instigation of the Spanish Armada 
enterprise, and the horrors of St. Bartholomew in France, all 
date from the papal throne^). For a hundred years the terri- 
able conflict lasted. The curtain was raised over Europe, and 
the scenes thereon displayed were those of undescribable misery 
and woe. Never has the world before or since witnessed such 
bloodshed. Joshua's extermination of the Canaanitish people, 
Jehovah's destruction of Sennacherib's host, the slaughters of 
Rome's worst Emperors, the persecution of the Christians under 
Nero and Diocletian, the invasions of the Huns under Attila, 
the struggle of Frederick the Great for the existence of Prussia, 
the ambition of the first Napoleon, the tremendous loss of life 
in the American civil war, left no such desolation behind them. 
Yet the Protestant nations emerged from it as proportionately 



1) Ranke's History of the Popes, for the first three mentioned. For the 
last see Quizot's History of France, vol. HI. chapt. XXXHI. The writer earnestly 
requests that the reader examine Fronde's England, vol. X. chapt. LYHT, espe- 
cially p. 141 — 2 — 3, inclusive. 



— 37 — 



strong as in the beginning. Queen Elizabeth had guided Eng- 
kmd's ship of state safely through the sea of strife. The Queen 
of Scots, who by her intrigues had ever kept tlie kingdom in a 
state of agitation, had been executed at Fotheringay castle 0- 
Spain's "Invincible Armada" had been destroyed'), and the 
British ascendency on the sea began. Those were the days 
when Francis Drake and Hawkins and Frobisher astonished 
the world by their deeds of naval daring, when the romantic 
spirit of Raleigh imagined that in the land of Guiana, lay a 
country as yet undiscovered, which contained mines and treasures 
far exceeding those of Mexico or Peru. 

And how had the nations of the Continent come forth from 
the great struggle? In Spain the lamp of liberty, after one 
feeble flicker, was smothered by the Jesuit inquisition, and she 
relapsed into a lethargy which so benumbed her limbs, that for 
three hundred years she has been unable to move along the 
highway of freedom. The mind and spirit of the people seem 
to be rivited by an intolerable thralldom of priesthood down 
to the earth itself. Cross the Pyrenees and behold France. The 
close of the struggle found the Huguenots completely paralyzed 
and helpless. It may with consistency be said that St. Bartholo- 
mew was but a precursor of the dreadful scenes which followed 3). 
The great spirit of Coligny had gone out in darkness, but not 
in shame. Henry IV. of Ivry^) and Navarre made a gallant 
struggle for existence, but the contending parties were too 
strong, and nothing but a return to the Romish faith saved his 
throne. In Italy the death knell of free thought was sounded 
in the 15^^ century, and the light which then went out, went 
out forever^). Tuscany may point with pride to those shining 
stars whose brilliant rays illuminated all the dark places of 



1) Froude, vol. XII. chapt. LXIX. 

2) Froude, vol. XII. chapt. LXXI. 

3) See Stanhope's History of England During the Reign of Queen Anne, 
chapt. HI. p. 92. 

4) Rearcl Macaulay's poem on the battle of Ivry. — Found in "Lays of 

Ancient Rome". 

5) As for as the writer could judge while travehng in Italy, the power ot 
Catholicism seems as firmly rivited as it must have been in the days of Leo X. 



— 38 — 

papal policy. History will ever do honor to the names of 
Savonarola, Dante and Machiavelli. 

Beyond the Alps in Germany we see the seat of conflict. The 
wanton and tremendous effort made to crush. out Protestantism 
had in the end signally failed, owing to the intervention 
of three foreign powers, one of which was Catholic '). Even 
though Gustavus Adolphus, who crossed the Baltic with his 
band of Swedes, had been killed at Llitzen, and the Protestant 
cause seemed irreparably lost, the struggle had still lingered 
painfully on until with the union of France a combined move- 
ment upon Vienna was contemplated. But before this could be 
executed the emperor Ferdinand III. yielded, and thirty years 
of war was ended ^). After a hundred years the Church of 
Rome was forced to give up the contest ; the sword of slaughter 
was rusted to the hilt by the blood it had shed, and yet reli- 
gious freedom was saved to Germany. The independence of 
Switzerland and Holland was acknowledged. The whole of 
northern Europe, England, Scotland, Denmark, Norway and 
Sweden, issued from the struggle strong Protestant nations. It 
was not zeal for the spread of Christian truth which inspired 
this fearful Crusade against the Protestants ; for the Catholics 
equally acknowledged the authority of the Bible : "it was the 
despotic determination of the Roman Church to rule the minds 
and consciences of all men, through the pope and its priest- 
hood" 3). 

On the 24 th ^f March 1603, Queen Elizabeth died at Rich- 
mond and the crown of England fell to James VI. king of Scot- 
land. We propose now to define the condition the English 
Catholics were in when he came to the throne. As the Catho- 
lics had kept a hot bed in the kingdom during the previous 
reign, such as ever plotting the overthrow of Elizabeth and 
the elevation of Mary Stuart to the throne, as well as keeping 
Spain and all other enemies informed of the Island's strength 



1) France. 

2) For conditions and ratification of the Peace of Westphalia which ended 
this bloody struggle, see Erdmannsdorffer's History of Germany 1648—1740, 
vol. I. chapt. I, p. 3—26, inclusive. 

3) Bayard Taylor. 



- 39 — 

before the attempt of the Armada, very severe laws had been 
enacted against them. All public celebration of the mass was 
interdicted, and more, the mere fact of saying mass was suffi- 
cient to bring a priest under the charges of treason. All 
recusants were deprived of their lands which were leased out 
by Commissioners appointed for that purpose. Another harsh 
measure was the appointing of constables to ferret out priests, 
who had concealed themselves in the houses of the Catholic 
gentry. "These wretches under pretence of discovering the 
concealed fugitives, were in the habit of wantonly destroying 
the furniture or of carrjdng off valuable property. It was useless 
to complain, as there were few, if any. Catholics who had not 
given the law a hold upon them by the support given to their 
priests" 0- 

Such was the condition of the Catholics in England when 
James ascended the throne. Did he have any great power to 
alleviate this suffering? We think not. England was too 
thoroughly Protestant. Episcopacy had become the established 
religion, and the Puritans who could not endure the pomp and 
seeming idolatry of the reformed church, had removed still farther 
from its ritual. AVas it to be supposed, then, that this powerful 
party which could not tolerate the Church of England would 
much less peiiuit Catholics to hope for success in any particular? 
Green in speaking of Lord Baltimore and Maryland says: "he 
was one of the best of the Stuart counsellors, was forced by 
his conversion to Catholicism to seek a shelter for himself and 
colonists of his new faith in the district across the Potomac, 
and around the head of the Chesapeake. As a purely 
Catholic settlement wa s impossible, he resolved to 
open the new colony to men of every faith" 2). This grates 
harshly against our ears. It seems to us that if the circum- 
stances and surroundings had been favorable for an exclusive 



1) Gardiner's History of England, vol. I. chap. III. p. 97. 

2) Short History of the English People, p. 507. 

John Gilmary Shea the first authority on the Catholic Church in the United 
States says: '"To give a charter directly favoring or protecting the Catholic 
rehgion was what the king could not do." Church in Colonial Days, p. 31. This 
establishes this great point beyond doubt. 



— 40 — 

Catholic colony, the history of Maryland and the grand scheme 
of toleration, which has been lauded to the sky by every 
Catholic Archbishop, would have been entirely otherwise. "Upon 
the whole, then, the picture of Maryland legislation is a grati- 
fying one; but the theory which assigns credit of it to the 
Roman Church has little foundation in fact"^). 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Maryland in Relation to the Other Colonies. 

In this chapter we desire to keep ever before us this ques- 
tion : — If such a charter and privileges as we discussed in 
the last chapter had been granted to Maryland, or if her legis- 
lation from the beginning on had been one of the slightest in- 
tolerance, would it have been respected by the other colonies, 
such as Virginia and New England? 

We shall turn our attention first to Virginia whose atti- 
tude was ever hostile toward Maryland, on account of the di- 
vision of her territory. William Clayborne^) was ever ready 
on the slightest pretense to stir up a rebellion in Maryland, 
or invade the rights of the Proprietary. It is logical to suppose 
that the colonists of Virginia, from the very nature of their 
second charter, would on general principles make it as uncom- 
fortable as possible for their Catholic neighbors. This instru- 
ment reads thus : 

"And lastly because the principle effect which we can de- 
sire or expect of this action is the conversion and reduction 
of the people in those parts unto the true worship of God and 
Christian Religion, in which respect we should be loath that 



1) Right Hon. William E. Gladstone, Prime Minister of England (1893), 
in introduction to the "Vatican Decrees." 

2) Hammond says — "Claiborne was a pestilent enimie to the wel-faire of 
Maryland and the Lord Proprieter." Leah and Rachel, p. 23. 



— 41 — . . 

any Person should be permitted to pass that we suspected to 
effect the Superstition of the Church of Rome we do hereby 
declare that it is our Will and Pleasure that none be permit- 
ted to pass in any Voyage from Time to Time to be made into 
the said Country, but such as first shall have taken the Oath 
of Supremacy. For which purpose we do by these Presents 
etc. etc."0 

Then the following objections were raised by the Council 
of Virginia, and forwarded to England as reasons why the 
government of Maryland should not be placed in Lord Balti- 
more's hands. — 

"By the Patent it is provided that no construction be made 
thereof, whereby Gods, holy and truly Christian Religion, or 
the heirs and successors of the Crown of England should re- 
ceive any prejudice or diminution." 

"As to Religion, the Governor and all those of the council 
in Maryland are bound by oath to defend and maintain the 
Roman Catholic Religion in the free exercise thereof" ^j. 

The early planters of Virginia were ever picking quarrels 
with the newly founded state. In 1633 they presented a peti- 
tion to that tyrannical body, the Star Chamber. As the sub- 
stance of their desires are embodied in the reply of this cham- 
ber we proceed to quote it as given in the final decision on 
July 3 1633. 

"Whereas an humble Petition of the Planters in Virginia 
was presented to his Majesty, in which they remonstrate that 
some Grants have lately been obtained, of a great Proportion 
of Lands and Territories within the limits of the Colony there, 
being the places of their Traffick, and so near the places of 
their Habitations, as will give a general Disheartening to the 
Planters, if they be divided into several Governments, and a 
Bar to that Trade, which they have long since exercised to- 
wards their Supporters, and Relief, under the Confidence of 
His Majesty's Royal and gracious Intentions towards them, as 
by the said petition largely appeareth. For as much as his 



1) Second Charter of Virginia. Hazard I, 72. 

2) Thurloe's State Papers, vol. V. 



— 42 — 

Majesty was pleased on the Twelth of May last to refer to 
the board the consideration of this Petition; that upon the 
Advice and Report of their Lordships, such Order might be 
taken as to his Majesty's Wisdom should seem best it was 
thereupon ordered, upon the Fourth of June last that the Bu- 
siness should be heard the second Friday in this Term which 
was the Twenty Eight of the last month, that all Parties in- 
terested should then attend, which was accordingly performed, 
and their Lordships having heard the Cause did then order 
that the Lord Baltimore, being one of the Parties, and the 
Adventurers and Planters of Virginia aforesaid, should meet 
together between that Time and this Day and accommodate 
their Controversy in a friendly Manner if it might be : and like 
wise set down in Writing the Propositions made by either 
Party with their several answers and Reasons to be presented 
to the Board of this Day, which was likewise accordingly done. 
Now their Lordships having heard and maturely considered the 
said Proposition. Answers, and Reasons, and what so ever else 
was alledged on either Part did think it fit to leave the Lord 
Baltimore to his Patent, and the other Parties to the Course 
of Law, according to their Desire; but for the preventing of 
further Questions and Differences , their Lordships did also 
think fit and order that Things stand as they do; the Planters 
on either side shall have free Traffick and Commerce each with 
the other, and that Part shall receive any fugitive person be- 
longing to the other nor do any Act which may draw a War 
from the Natives upon either of them; and lastly that they 
shall sincerely entertain all good Correspondence, and assist 
each other upon all occasions in such Manner as becometh 
Fellow-Subjects and Members of the same State" ^). 

From Virginia we turn to New England. We propose to 
speak of the general principle of toleration then prevalent 
among the puritans. It would seem to the casual observer, 
that a strange inconsistency to that very cause which lead 
them to forsake their native England, had sprung up in their 
midst, when after such undescribable hardship's and suffering, 



1) Hazard 337—38, vol. I. 



- 43 — 

prosperity liad blessed them witli happy homes and all the com- 
forts of life. But this could appear so to the casual observer 
only. Most Catliolic writers ') are fond of attacking the Puri- 
tans on their treatment of the Indians and their spirit of in- 
tolerance ^). In regard to the Indians it is difficult to conceive 
how, under the circumstances any other course of action could 
have been pursued. In 1637 the powerful tribe of Pequods 
began war on Connecticut by murdering the crew of a small 
trading vessel on the Connecticut river. "With some appear- 
ance of justice they pleaded the necessity of self-defence, and 
sent messengers to Boston to desire the alliance of the white 
men. The government of Massachusetts accepted the excuse, 
and immediately conferred the benefit which was due from 
civilization to the ignorant and passionate tribes ; it reconciled 
the Pequods with their hereditary enemies, the Narragansetts. 
No longer at variance with a powerful neighbor, the Pequods 
displayed their bitter and emboldened hostility to the English 
by murdering Oldham near Block Island" ^). This sounded at 
once the tocsin for war. The Pequods attempted to unite the 
Narragansetts and Mohegans with them, "that a union and a 
general rising of the natives might sweep the hated intruders 
from the ancient hunting grounds of the Indian race". Nothing 
but the great presence of mind and courage of Roger Williams 
of Rhode Island prevented this formidable conspiracy from taking 
effect. He persuaded the Narragansetts to withdraw, thus leaving 
the Pequods to contend single handed. John Mason took charge 
of the Connecticut provincials, and marched into the Indian 
country. A number of forts containing hundreds of the bravest 
warriors of the Pequod nation were surrounded and set on fire. 
In one hour the work of carnage was completed, and six hundred 
Indians, men, women, and children, perished. The work of 
death and destruction was continued. The remnants of the 
race were sought out in their hidiug places, the wigwams were 



1) Spalding's Miscellanea, Reviews, Lectures and essays. 

2) We desire to keep in mind that Catholics acknowledge the intolerance 
of the Puritans. All liberal Protestant writers if they be true to history must 
do the same. 

3) Bancroft, vol. I. p. 298. 



— 44 — 

burnt, and their cornfields laid waste. The few that survived 
surrendered in despair and were enslaved by the English, 
"There remained not a sannup nor squaw, not a warrior noi 
child, of the Pequod name. A nation had disappeared from the 
family of man". 

Much criticism has attended this terrible extermination ol 
an Indian race ^). It is not our business to enter into a dis- 
cussion of this question. We have not the space, and then it 
would swerve to much from our general line of discourse. But 
we cannot refrain from quoting the following, leaving the readei 
to decide for himself. 

"The vigour and courage displayed by the settlers on the 
Connecticut, in this first Indian war in New England, struck 
terror into the savages, and received n long succession of years 
of peace. The infant was safe in its cradle, the laborer in the 
fields, the solitary traveler during the night watches in the 
forests; the houses needed no bolts, the settlements no pali- 
sades" 2). 

Next followed king Philip's bloody war which resulted in 
the extermination of the Pokanokets. The great warrior Philip 
himself was treacherously shot by a faithless Indian of his own 
tribe, and his little harmless boy that had been cherished as 
the last of the family of Massasoit, "was sold into bondage to 
toil as a slave under the suns of Bermuda". 

In regarding the treatment of the Indians by the Puritans 
we must keep before us this fact, — "the Pokanokets had always 
respected the Christian faith and the Christian manners; and 
Massasoit had desired to insert in a treaty what the Puritans 
never permitted, that the English should never attempt to con- 
vert the warriors of his tribe from the religion of their race" ^). 
This, of coiu'se, would continually bring them into conflict. The 
Indians would begin by treacherously murdering the settlers on 
the frontier, the alarm soon spreading, the white men in order 
to save themselves would begin a war of extermination. 

1) Especially by Catholic writers who claim that the Bible and not the 
sword would have accomplished better results. 

2) Bancroft. 

3) Bancroft. 
Hubbard. 



— 45 



We now turn our attention to the important subject of 
Witchcraft, and ask if it would be possible for a Catholic to 
live anywhere within range of these laws or where Protestants 
were in the supremacy, to attempt intolerance. We find this 
clause among the famous Blue Laws of New England against 
Roman Catholic priests. - "No priest shall abide in this do- 
minion he shall be banished and suffer death on his return. 
Priests may be siezed by anyone without a warrant" '). "So 
extremely strong and so astonishingly fierce and unrelenting 
was public prejudice on the subject of the Romish religion m 
the early part of our colonial history that we find it declared 
by law, in the early part of the last century (Colony laws vol. I 
p 38, Livingston and Smith's edition), that every Jesuit and 
popish priest, who should continue in the colony after a given 
day should be condemned to perpetual imprisonment; and 
if he broke prison and escaped, and was retaken, he should 
be put to death. That law said Mr. Smith the historian of 
the colony, as late as 1756 (Smith's History of New York p. Ill) 
was worthy of perpetual duration!""^) The most wretched laws 
were enacted against Quakers, but would have been doubly 
strict if Catholics had attempted to abide among them^). In 1631 
just eleven years after the landing of the Mayflower, Sir Chris- 
topher Gardiner on mere suspicion of being a papist was siezed 
and sent out of the colony of Mass. Bay, and in the same year 
the general court wrote a letter denouncing the minister at 
Watertown for giving expression to the opinion that the diurch 
of Rome was a true church. Roger Williams declared that the 
cross was H relic of Antichrist, a popish symbol savoring of 
superstition, and not to be countenanced by Christian men. In 
proof of their sincerity and zeal the Puritans cut the cross 
from out the English flag. They regarded the Catholic settle- 
ments in Canada with sentiments of such bigoted hatred as to 
blind them to their own most evident political and commercial 
interests. So unrelenting was their hatred of Romanism that 

1) Spalding's Miscellanea. 
Ibid. 

2) Chancellor Kent's Commentaries on American Law, vol. II. p. 62—3. 

3) Bancroft gives an account (vol. II. p. 749) of an Irish woman (Catholic) 
being among the very first to be executed on account of Witchcraft. 



- 46 — 

one of the grievances which they most strongly urged against 
George III. was that he tolerated popery in Canada. 

The Puritans were ever quarreling among themselves over 
different creeds and beliefs. We have but to mention the names 
of Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams. If dissenting Protes- 
tants were not tolerated in New England, Catholics certainly 
could not hope for mercy. 

''The religious character of Virginia though less intense 
and earnest than that of New England can hardly be said to 
have been less antichrist" ')• 

In concluding this chapter we put the matter before the 
reader, and ask if, in the nature of all the surrounding 
circumstances, it were possible for the Catholics of Maryland 
numbering only 25,000 at the opening of the Eevolution, and 
previous to that time still less, to attempt anything of an in- 
tolerant nature? Even in her very early history would not 
Virginia have pounced down upon her as she did at different 
times? Would New England have respected her? We are in- 
clined to believe that the only thing which kept New England 
from complaining to the home government, was the fact that 
Protestantism through the influence of those who fled from 
persecution in New England and Virginia, had rapidly gained 
the ascendancy and finally controlled the government in the 
Catholic colony of Maryland. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



Miscellanea. 



We shall group a few questions together in this chapter, 
and attempt to answer them. To begin with, — could a charter 
granting exceptional liberties to Catholics have stood the Puri- 
tan Revolution in England? We think not. From the very be- 

1) Spalding in Catholic World. 



— 47 — 

ginning of the reign of James IL in 1685, he had attempted to 
restore Roman Catholicism throughout the nation. In 1688 the 
people through the Whig nobles invited William and Mar}' to 
come over from Holland and claim the crown. They accepted, 
and arrived in England on the 5*^ of November. They were 
well received, and in several days were joined by a number of 
the leading men of the kingdom ^). James found himself deserted 
and was obliged to flee the kingdom. With the assistance of 
France and Ireland he endeavored to regain possession of the 
crown, but was overwhelmingly defeated in the battle of the 
Boyne, July P* 1690, thus sealing forever the fate of the Stuart 
dynasty. On the reception of this news in Maryland, one Coode 
applied to William III. ''to redeem the people of Maryland from 
the arbitrary will and pleasure of a tyrannical Popish govern- 
ment, under which they had so long groaned. Lord Baltimore 
was deprived of all his rights as proprietary without any form 
of law, or even a formal accusation that he had forfeited his 
charter" ^). This proves conclusively that at this period the 
Catholics stood but small chance in either 'Church or State ^). 
What influence had the Catholic element on the Act of 
1649? We answer this question by quoting. — "It was in 1649, 
that the Maryland Act of Toleration was passed; which, however, 
prescribed the punishment of death for anyone who denied the 
Trinity. Of the small legislative body wiiich passed it, two- 
thirds appear to have been Protestant, the recorded numbers 
being sixteen and eight respectively. The colony was open to 
the immigration of Puritans and all Protestants, and any per- 
manent and successful oppression by a handful of Eoman Ca- 
tholics was altogether impossible"*). 



1) Among them Lord Churchill, afterwards the great Duke of Marlborough. 

2) Shea, Church in Colonial Days. 

3) Neill says — "During the English Revolution of 1688—9 was an im- 
portant period in Maryland. — The watchward of the dominant party was "No 
Popery", and a few artful demagogues in Maryland echoed the cry, and indus- 
triously worked upon the passions and fears of the scattered and ignorant plan- 
ters. It is possible — "Some truth there was but dash'd and brew'd with lies." 
Dry den. 

4) Gladstone in preface to "Vatican Decrees." 



— 48 — 

And then further, — "It was a wise measure, for which 
the two Lords Baltimore, father and son, deserve the highest 
honor. But the measure was really defensive; and its main 
and very legitimate purpose plainly was, to secure the free 
exercise of the Roman Catholic religion. Immigration into the 
colony was by the charter free; and only by this and other 
popular provisions could the territory have been extricated from 
the grasp of its neighbors in Virginia who claimed it as their 
own. It was apprehended that the Puritans would flood it, as 
they did: and it seems certain that but for this excellent pro- 
vision, the handful of Roman Catholic founders would have been 
unable to hold their ground" ^). 

In the conflict between Charles I. and his Parliament Cecil 
Lord Baltimore, had no symp'athy whatever. He viewed with 
displeasure the manly opposition of Parliament to the arrogant 
demands of the king. Being a favorite of the king, it is easy 
to conceive that he would be unpopular with the followers of 
Parliament if the king were overthrown. 

As Baltimore could not make the Church of Rome the esta- 
blished Church in Maryland, a check was held on all religious 
demonstrations, by securing the patronage of all churches that 
should happen to be built. There is no doubt but that Baltimore 
endeavored to promote what he thought were the best interests 
of the colonists, but it was far from his intention that they 
should molest him as the Parliament were troubling Charles. 

''But while religious differences existed Leonard Calvert, 
as governor of the province, seemed to protect all in their con- 
scientious scruples, for had he oppressed them they would have 
crossed the river to Virginia, where settlers were so much 
needed, and the enemies of the colony would liave triumphed. 
The first Protestant colonists were principally indented white 
servants, and poor young men who came to seek their fortunes. 
They had no guide of their faith furnished by the proprietor 
for the cure of their souls, but in their chests a few books 
had been placed by anxious friends and parents, that had pro- 



1) Gladstone in appendix to "Vaticanism.' 



— 49 — 

ved sources of comfort in hours of doubt, temptation and lone- 
liness" '). 

As far as the public records show, Cecil Baltimore never 
contributed a shilling for the building of a church or school- 
house in Maryland. In his despatches he seldom makes illusion 
to the importance of either. 



CHAPTER XV. 



Conclusion. 

The Catholic Church is the oldest organization in the his- 
tory of the world. From the time when Jesus of Nazareth walk- 
ing by the shores of Galilee, surrendered to Simon Peter "the 
keys of the kingdom of Heaven" ^), the Church of Eome has 
fought and labored. From the depths of the catacombs she 
sent forth men who battled with that long line of Eoman em- 
perors and, in spite of terriable torture and persecution, finally 
triumphed. Through her agency the beneficent influence of the 
Christian doctrine quickly extended from the banks of the Ebro 
in Spain to the central rivers of Asia, and overflowed the wide 
limits of the empire even to the Rhine and the Danube. The 
Etruscan mysteries, the Athenean faith in Apollo and Minerva 



1) Neill. 

2) At Ceasarea Philippi Christ said to Peter — "Thou art Peter; and 
upon this rock will I build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail 
against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of Heaven; and 
whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatsoever 
thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in Heaven" — Matthew XVI. 18—19. 

In these little sentences have been built up the mighty ediface of the 
Church of Rome: in them lie the authority of the Popes over temporal affairs, 
and their so-called "infallibility" in cursing a soul or clensing it white from sin. 

4 



— 50 — 

vanished into the realms of chimera from whence they came. 
On those sites where the gods of Olympus had been worshipped, 
on the very columns that had supported their temples, were 
shrines erected to the memory of those who had rejected their 
divinity. The heathen basilica was converted to the purpose of 
Christian worship. The religion of the Ceasars passed away. 
*'In every highway on the steep summits of the hills, in the 
deep ravines and romantic valley's, on the roofs of houses, and 
in the mosiac of the floors was seen the cross" ^). The Arian 
races in moving westward were after centuries of strife ab- 
sorbed by the new belief, and the Arab inspired by an arrogant 
and dogmatic creed, attempting the invasion of Europe, miserably 
failed, and was compelled to retire beyond the Pyranees^). 

From that time on, the Church of Rome had but to aright 
herself and settle her internal difficulties. She had centuries 
at her disposal. The nations of Europe were gathered together 
under her tutelage. But the Church in the mismanagement of 
her power, and through accumulation of errors, became corrupt 
Her pupils began to dissent. Nations began to throw off her 
yoke and at the time of the discovery of the New World beyond 
the Atlantic, she was in a state of internal decay. After the 
Eeformation all northern Europe was lost to her, but in all the 
southern states and principalities, her supremacy remained su- 
preme ^). 

With the voyage of Columbus the attention of the Catholic 
Church was turned towards the newly discovered world^). French 
Jesuits were early in the region of the St. Lawrence, doing 
noble work among the Hurons. "Away from the amenities of 
life, away from the opportunities of vain glory, they became 
dead to the world, and possessed their souls in unalterable 



1) Ranke's History of the Popes, vol. I. chapt. I. 

2) Battle of Tours 732. 

3) See Macaulay's entire cristicism of Ranke's History of the Popes. 

4) Dr. Thomas Jenkins in his pamphlet entitled Christian VS. Godless 
Schools, chapt. I. p. 4. 

Clarke's Lives of the Deceased Bishops, chapt. I, 



— 51 — 

peace." The whole of the great northwest was visited by them. 
The dense forests surrounding the great lakes were penetrated, 
and the Cross in company with the standard of France set up 
on their shores. Illustrious among the names of these deter- 
mined and soul inspired men, are those of Marquette and Joliet. 
Together they floated from the great watersheds of the north 
down the Wisconsin, and drifted silently into the Great River, 
the Father of Waters, which had been discovered in the south 
by De Soto more than a century before. They were the first 
white men who trod the soil of Iowa. The emblems of Chris- 
tianity and the banner bearing the lilies of the Bourbons, were 
planted in the great valley of the Mississippi. For the first time 
the great plains of Illinois, which stretch back and away from 
Rock Island ^), were crossed by these daring missionaries. Joliet 
returned to Quebec, while Marquette wandering again to the 
northward, went quietly to sleep on the margin of the stream 
that bears his name. "The people of the west will build his 
monument." 

At the out break of the American Revolution the Catholics 
were confined principally to Maryland. When the call came 
from the Convention of 74, for all classes to lay aside religious 
difterences and fight side by side for the liberties of their 
country, these Catholics heartily responded to the call, and 
fought with great bravery and much credit to themselves through- 
out the entire war. The close of this prolonged struggle left 
the Catholic Church unfettered and free to begin that rapid 
growth^) which has developed into the massive organization 
which stands in the very heart of the United States to day, — 
a power for good or evil, — the future must decide. 



1) One of the most picturesque spots in the great west. Also the seat of 
one of the first arsenals of the United States, and acknowledged to be one of 
the best equipped in the world. 

2) In 1800, the Catholic population was 100,000 — Dr. J. L. Spalding, in 
"Catholic World", July 1876. 

Josiah Strong in "Our Country". In 1890, it numbered nearly 10,000,000. 
Census of the United States. 



— 52 — 

It is sincerely to be hoped that the Protestants and Catho- 
lics of America may continue to live side by side in peace, 
acting towards one another as brother should towards brother, 
remembering that we are all believers in the same God, who 
will not smile upon one more than upon the other, but upon all 
alike. And if ever in the future dark and threatening clouds 
should hover over the horizon of religious and political freedom, 
may these great organs of religion unite to battle for the honor, 
freedom, and glory of our country. 



Chronological Table. 



Grant of Avalon the Sir George Calvert. April 7tli 1623. 

Death of George Calvert 1st Lord Baltimore. April 15th 1632. 

Charter of Maryland issued to Cecilius Calvert 2nd Lord Baltimore. June 20th 

1632. 
Firibt colonists sail for Maryland. Nov. 22nd 1633. 
The Ark and Dove arrive at Point Comfort. Febr. 27th 1634. 
Landing at St. Clements. March 25th 1634. 
Foundation of St. Mary's. March 27th 1634. 
St. Mary's county settled. 1634. 
Clayborne's first invasion. 1635. 
Settlement of Swedes on the Delaware. 1638. 
Baptism of Tayac. July 5th 1648. 
The government siezed by Clayborne and Ingle. 1645. 
The rebels submit to Gov. Calvert. Nov. 1646. 
Death of Gov. Leonard Calvert. June 9th 1647. 
Act of Toleration passed. April 21st 1649. 

Maryland siezed by Parliamentary Commissioners. March 29th 1652. 
Battle of Providence (Annapolis). March 25th 1655. 
New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. Sept. 25th 1655. 
The government restored to Lord Baltimore. March 25th 1658. 
Fendall's rebellion. 1659. 
Philip Calvert Governor. Dec. 11th 1660. 
Charles Calvert Governor. 1662. 
Massacre of Susquehannocks. Sept. 25th 1675. 
Death of Cecil Calvert of 2nd Lord Baltimore. Nov. 30th 1675. 
Plot of Fendall and Coode. 1681. 
Protestant revolution in England. James II. abdicates. Dec. 11th 1688. 



1) The old style of reckoning time, or Julian calendar, was not issued in Great 
Britain and the colonies until 1752. By this calendar the legal year began on 
March 25th, so that Jan. 1st 1751, would be Jan. 1st 1752, according to modern 
reckoning. In this table the years are given in new style. 



— 54 — 

Coode and associates sieze the government of Maryland. Aug. 23rd 1689. 

War between France and England, 1689. 

Mail route opened. 1695. 

Free schools established. 1696. 

Peace of Ryswick between England and France. Sept. 20th 1697. 

Annapolis made the capital of the province. July 22nd 1699. 

War between England and France again breaks out. May 4th 1702. 

Peace of Utrecht between England and France. March 13rd 1713. 

Charles Calvert, 3rd Lord Baltimore dies. Febr. 24th 1715. 

Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Lord Baltimore dies. April 5th 1715. 

Baltimore founded by Act of Assembly. Aug. 8th 1729. 

Boundary agreement between Charles, 5th Lord Baltimore and William Penn 

May 10th 1732. 
War between England and France renewed. March 31st 1744. 
Peace between England and France (Treaty of Aix la Chapelle Oct.7). April 30th 

1748. 
Death of Charles, 5th Lord Baltimore. April 23rd 1751. 
Convention at Albany. June 19th 1754. 
Braddock's defeat. July 9th 1755. 
Acadians arrive in Maryland. Dec. 1755. 
Surrender of Fort du Quesne. Nov. 24th 1758. 
Capture of Quebec. Sept. 13th 1795. 
Survey of Mason and Dixon's line begun. Nov. 19th 1760. 
Pontiacs war breaks out. May 9th 1763. 
Stamp Act passed by Parliament. March 25th 1765. 
Colonial Congress meets in New York. Oct. 7th 1765. 
Stamp Act repealed. March 18th 1766. 
Duty laid on tea etc. July 2nd 1767. 

Death of Frederick, 6th and last Lord Baltimore. Sept. 14th 1771. 
Provincial Convention meets in Annapolis. June 22nd 1774. 
First Continental Congress meets. Sept. 5th 1774. 
Battle of Lexington. April 19th 1775. 
New Congress meets. May 10th 1775. 

Declaration of Independence resolved in Congress. July 2nd 1776. 
Draft of Declaration approved an published. July 4th 1776. 
Maryland declares herself independent. July 6th 1776. 



Vita. 

Ich, Ernest L. Harris, wurde am 26. Oktober 1870 in Grin- 
nell, im' Staate Iowa, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- 
amerika geboren. Meine Eltern sind Jakob Lloyd Harris und 
Anna Mc Grew. Als ich zwei Jahre alt war zogen meine Eltern 
nacli Edgington in Illinois ; ich wurde daselbst im Alter von 
sechs Jahren in die offentliche Schule geschickt, die ich bis zu 
meinem vierzehnten Jahre besuchte. Im Jahre 1886 trat ich 
in die Akademie von Iowa College zu Grinnell, wo ich ein 
Jahr verblieb. Die folgenden zwei Jahre verbrachte ich mit 
Reisen. Im Herbst 1888 trat ich wieder in das Cornell College 
zu Mount Vernon in Iowa ein, wo ich vier Jahre zubrachte 
und das Examen bestand. Die Ferien dieser Studienzeit ver- 
brachte ich (regelmassig) in Rock Island in Illinois, wo ich zu- 
gleich amerikanisches Recht studierte. Im Friihling 1892 kam 
ich nach Europa und im Herbst desselben Jalires liess ich mich 
als Student an der Universitat zu Heidelberg aufnehmen, wo- 
selbst ich besonders die Vorlesungen der Herren Professoren 
Erdmannsdortfer, Kuno Fischer, Ihne, Kleinschmidt, Schick und 
Winkelmann horte und am 27. Februar 1894 als Doktor der 
Philosophie promovierte. 



\\m 13 S'i^'^ 



